Robusta

Robusta: A major commercial coffee species (Coffea canephora) characterized by low-altitude cultivation, high crop yield, strong disease and pest resistance (particularly against coffee leaf rust), and a high caffeine content, nearly double that of Arabica. Robusta beans typically yield a full-bodied, heavy crema with a distinct earthy, bitter, and sometimes rubbery flavor profile, making them a standard ingredient in commercial espresso blends, instant coffee, and low-cost formulations.